Central !Kung_table_infobox_0
| Central ǃKungCentral !Kung_header_cell_0_0_0
|
| Native toCentral !Kung_header_cell_0_1_0
|
NamibiaCentral !Kung_cell_0_1_1
|
| RegionCentral !Kung_header_cell_0_2_0
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GrootfonteinCentral !Kung_cell_0_2_1
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| Language familyCentral !Kung_header_cell_0_3_0
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KxʼaCentral !Kung_cell_0_3_1
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| DialectsCentral !Kung_header_cell_0_4_0
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Central !Kung_cell_0_4_1
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| Language codesCentral !Kung_header_cell_0_5_0
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| ISO 639-3Central !Kung_header_cell_0_6_0
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None (mis)Central !Kung_cell_0_6_1
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| GlottologCentral !Kung_header_cell_0_7_0
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Central !Kung_cell_0_7_1
|
Central ǃKung (Central ǃXun), or Central Ju, is a language of the ǃKung dialect cluster, spoken in a small area of northern Namibia: Neitsas, in Grootfontein district, and Gaub, in Tsumeb district. Central !Kung_sentence_0
It is frequently reported as Grootfontein ǃXuun, as most work has been done in Grootfontein. Central !Kung_sentence_1
An identifying feature of Central ǃKung is a fifth series of clicks that are often retroflex. Central !Kung_sentence_2
While Northern (Northwestern) and Southern (Southeastern) ǃKung are not mutually intelligible, it is not yet clear to what extent Central ǃKung is intermediate between them or intelligible with either. Central !Kung_sentence_3
Dialects Central !Kung_section_0
Two dialects are identified as being Central ǃKung based on grammatical features: Central !Kung_sentence_4
Central !Kung_description_list_0
- (C1) Gaub (Tsumeb district, N Namibia)Central !Kung_item_0_0
- (C2) Neitsas (Grootfontein district, N Namibia)Central !Kung_item_0_1
In addition, the ǃKung dialects of Tsintsabis, Leeunes and Mangetti (different from Mangetti Dune) have retroflex clicks and so may belong here, though no grammatical information is available to classify them. Central !Kung_sentence_5
In Grootfontein ǃKung words which Doke (1926) and others have described as having retroflex clicks, Vedder (1910/1911) described a second series of lateral clicks in Gaub ǃKung. Central !Kung_sentence_6
Phonology Central !Kung_section_1
Grootfontein ǃKung is unusual in having true retroflex clicks, which are subapical for some speakers and have lateral release, as in the word for 'water', [‼̬ˡú] (provisionally written g‼ú). Central !Kung_sentence_7
There are thus five places of articulation in Grootfontein clicks, /ǃ ǀ ǁ ǂ ‼/. Central !Kung_sentence_8
These come in eight series, here represented with the retroflex articulation: Central !Kung_sentence_9
Central !Kung_description_list_1
Otherwise, the Grootfontein inventory is similar to that of Ekoka ǃKung, except that it lacks the (pre)voiced affricates dχ, dʒ, dʒʼ, dʃχʼ. Central !Kung_sentence_10
The Grootfontein ǃKung language has a relatively large phonological inventory: Central !Kung_sentence_11
Consonants Central !Kung_section_2
Central !Kung_table_general_1
Grootfontein ǃKung consonant inventoryCentral !Kung_table_caption_1
| Central !Kung_header_cell_1_0_0
|
LabialCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_0_2
|
AlveolarCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_0_3
|
Post-
alveolarCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_0_4
|
PalatalCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_0_5
|
VelarCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_0_6
|
UvularCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_0_7
|
GlottalCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_0_8
|
| PlosiveCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_1_0
|
voicelessCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_1_1
|
pCentral !Kung_cell_1_1_2
|
tCentral !Kung_cell_1_1_3
|
t̠ʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_1_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_1_5
|
kCentral !Kung_cell_1_1_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_1_7
|
ʔCentral !Kung_cell_1_1_8
|
| vl. aspiratedCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_2_0
|
pʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_2_1
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_2_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_2_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_2_4
|
kʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_2_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_2_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_2_7
|
| voicedCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_3_0
|
bCentral !Kung_cell_1_3_1
|
dCentral !Kung_cell_1_3_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_3_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_3_4
|
ɡCentral !Kung_cell_1_3_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_3_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_3_7
|
| vd. aspiratedCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_4_0
|
bʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_4_1
|
dʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_4_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_4_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_4_4
|
ɡʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_4_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_4_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_4_7
|
| prenasalCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_5_0
|
(ᵐb)Central !Kung_cell_1_5_1
|
(ⁿd)Central !Kung_cell_1_5_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_5_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_5_4
|
(ᵑɡ)Central !Kung_cell_1_5_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_5_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_5_7
|
| FricativeCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_6_0
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_6_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_6_3
|
ʃCentral !Kung_cell_1_6_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_6_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_6_6
|
χCentral !Kung_cell_1_6_7
|
ɦCentral !Kung_cell_1_6_8
|
| AffricateCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_7_0
|
voicelessCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_7_1
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_7_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_7_3
|
tʃCentral !Kung_cell_1_7_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_7_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_7_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_7_7
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_7_8
|
| aspiratedCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_8_0
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_8_1
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_8_2
|
tʃʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_8_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_8_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_8_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_8_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_8_7
|
| ejectiveCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_9_0
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_9_1
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_9_2
|
tʃʼCentral !Kung_cell_1_9_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_9_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_9_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_9_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_9_7
|
| NasalCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_10_0
|
voicedCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_10_1
|
mCentral !Kung_cell_1_10_2
|
nCentral !Kung_cell_1_10_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_10_4
|
ɲCentral !Kung_cell_1_10_5
|
ŋCentral !Kung_cell_1_10_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_10_7
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_10_8
|
| aspiratedCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_11_0
|
mʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_11_1
|
nʰCentral !Kung_cell_1_11_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_11_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_11_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_11_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_11_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_11_7
|
| LateralCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_12_0
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_12_2
|
lCentral !Kung_cell_1_12_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_12_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_12_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_12_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_12_7
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_12_8
|
| ApproximantCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_13_0
|
wCentral !Kung_cell_1_13_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_13_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_13_4
|
jCentral !Kung_cell_1_13_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_13_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_13_7
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_13_8
|
| ClustersCentral !Kung_header_cell_1_14_0
|
| Plain + /χ/Central !Kung_cell_1_15_0
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_15_2
|
tχCentral !Kung_cell_1_15_3
|
tʃχCentral !Kung_cell_1_15_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_15_5
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_15_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_15_7
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_15_8
|
| Plain + /χʼ/Central !Kung_cell_1_16_0
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_16_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_16_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_16_4
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_16_5
|
kχʼCentral !Kung_cell_1_16_6
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_16_7
|
Central !Kung_cell_1_16_8
|
Central !Kung_table_general_2
Grootfontein ǃKung click consonant inventoryCentral !Kung_table_caption_2
| Central !Kung_header_cell_2_0_0
|
DentalCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_0_1
|
AlveolarCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_0_2
|
RetroflexCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_0_3
|
PalatalCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_0_4
|
LateralCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_0_5
|
| VoicelessCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_1_0
|
ǀCentral !Kung_cell_2_1_1
|
ǃCentral !Kung_cell_2_1_2
|
‼Central !Kung_cell_2_1_3
|
ǂCentral !Kung_cell_2_1_4
|
ǁCentral !Kung_cell_2_1_5
|
| Vl. AspiratedCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_2_0
|
ǀʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_2_1
|
ǃʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_2_2
|
‼ʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_2_3
|
ǂʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_2_4
|
ǁʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_2_5
|
| VoicedCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_3_0
|
ᶢǀCentral !Kung_cell_2_3_1
|
ᶢǃCentral !Kung_cell_2_3_2
|
ᶢ‼Central !Kung_cell_2_3_3
|
ᶢǂCentral !Kung_cell_2_3_4
|
ᶢǁCentral !Kung_cell_2_3_5
|
| Vd. AspiratedCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_4_0
|
ᶢǀʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_4_1
|
ᶢǃʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_4_2
|
ᶢ‼ʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_4_3
|
ᶢǂʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_4_4
|
ᶢǁʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_4_5
|
| NasalCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_5_0
|
ᵑǀCentral !Kung_cell_2_5_1
|
ᵑǃCentral !Kung_cell_2_5_2
|
ᵑ‼Central !Kung_cell_2_5_3
|
ᵑǂCentral !Kung_cell_2_5_4
|
ᵑǁCentral !Kung_cell_2_5_5
|
| Nl. AspiratedCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_6_0
|
ᵑǀʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_6_1
|
ᵑǃʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_6_2
|
ᵑ‼ʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_6_3
|
ᵑǂʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_6_4
|
ᵑǁʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_6_5
|
| FortisCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_7_0
|
Central !Kung_cell_2_7_1
|
ᵏǃCentral !Kung_cell_2_7_2
|
Central !Kung_cell_2_7_3
|
Central !Kung_cell_2_7_4
|
ᵏǁCentral !Kung_cell_2_7_5
|
| EjectiveCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_8_0
|
ǀʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_8_1
|
ǃʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_8_2
|
‼ʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_8_3
|
ǂʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_8_4
|
ǁʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_8_5
|
| Ej. AspiratedCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_9_0
|
ǀʼʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_9_1
|
ǃʼʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_9_2
|
‼ʼʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_9_3
|
ǂʼʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_9_4
|
ǁʼʰCentral !Kung_cell_2_9_5
|
| ClustersCentral !Kung_header_cell_2_10_0
|
| Plain + /χ/Central !Kung_cell_2_11_0
|
ǀχCentral !Kung_cell_2_11_1
|
ǃχCentral !Kung_cell_2_11_2
|
‼χCentral !Kung_cell_2_11_3
|
ǂχCentral !Kung_cell_2_11_4
|
ǁχCentral !Kung_cell_2_11_5
|
| Plain + /χʼ/Central !Kung_cell_2_12_0
|
ǀχʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_12_1
|
ǃχʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_12_2
|
‼χʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_12_3
|
ǂχʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_12_4
|
ǁχʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_12_5
|
| Voiced + /χʼ/Central !Kung_cell_2_13_0
|
ᶢǀχʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_13_1
|
ᶢǃχʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_13_2
|
ᶢ‼χʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_13_3
|
ᶢǂχʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_13_4
|
ᶢǁχʼCentral !Kung_cell_2_13_5
|
Vowels Central !Kung_section_3
Five vowel sounds in the ǃKung languages are realized as [i e a o u]. Central !Kung_sentence_12
The sounds may be articulated with nasalisation [ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ], breathy voice [iʱ eʱ aʱ oʱ uʱ], or pharyngealisation [iˤ eˤ aˤ oˤ uˤ]. Central !Kung_sentence_13
Some nasal vowels with diacritics may have combinations such as breathy + nasal [ãʱ õʱ], and pharyngeal + nasal [ãˤ õˤ ũˤ]. Central !Kung_sentence_14
Sample Central !Kung_section_4
Following are sample sentences in Central ǃKung. Central !Kung_sentence_15
Central !Kung_description_list_2
- mí má kȍhà hŋ́ gǀȕì ō ǁȁhìn-ā ō hȁ ō gǀè gù ǀxūúnnuCentral !Kung_item_2_3
Central !Kung_description_list_3
- I must see the hyena to tell it to come catch the crocodile lying thereCentral !Kung_item_3_4
Central !Kung_description_list_4
- mtícē kwá bà ǀōā kē gǀè-ā g‼ȍhòCentral !Kung_item_4_5
Central !Kung_description_list_5
- why didn't you come to work?Central !Kung_item_5_6
Central !Kung_description_list_6
- hȁ má kò kē ǁȁn̏ kú cŋ̏ djūí kā hȁ ǁàȅ-ā tí kē TB ǁ'à-ān tíCentral !Kung_item_6_7
Central !Kung_description_list_7
- he was not supposed to drink beer anymore because he had tuberculosis [lit. he was held by TB sickness]Central !Kung_item_7_8
Central !Kung_description_list_8
- hȁ má kò ǁáúlè ǃxōCentral !Kung_item_8_9
Central !Kung_description_list_9
- he is supposed to hunt elephants but he didn'tCentral !Kung_item_9_10
Central !Kung_description_list_10
- mí má kā ǁàȅ nǃùm̀ kā ŋ̄ŋ̀ kā-è cālā n‼á'm̀ g‼à è-tcāCentral !Kung_item_10_11
Central !Kung_description_list_11
- I hold this rock so that it cannot fall down and kill us.Central !Kung_item_11_12
Credits to the contents of this page go to the authors of the corresponding Wikipedia page: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central !Kung.